title: Annales

author: Anonymous

source_edition: Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. 204, coll. 987B–996D

source_text:
## Annales

## 96.

[0987B]Passio sancti Dyonisii. Sanctus Sanctinus cum Antonino ex precepto beati Dyonisii post martyrium ipsius Romam tendens angelica visitatione edoctus, ad urbem Clavorum, que Virdunum dicitur, [0987C] divertit; verbum Dei civibus predicans, multos convertit et ecclesiam in honore beati Petri construens et consecrans, ab ipsis christianis quos converterat episcopus eligitur primus.

## 360.

His temporibus post vastationem Hunorum ecclesie refloruerunt, et Pulchronius, discipulus Lupi Trecassini episcopi, ecclesie Virdunensi 5. episcopus preficitur.

## 503.

Transitus sancti Firmini episcopi Virdunensis. Cui a Clodoveo rege beatus Vitonus substituitur, et intronizatur in sede pontificali.

## 518.

Annunciatio sancti Agerici.

## 528.

Transitus beati Vitoni Virdunensis episcopi.

## 554.

Ordinatio episcopatus sancti Agerici.

## 602.

Obiit sanctus Agericus; succedit Caramerus. [0987D]

## 688.

Pipinus, Ansegisi filius, cepit regnare. A cujus temporibus beatus Madelveus duravit usque ad tempora Karoli Magni.

Iste Pipinus dux et illuster princeps Francorum cum uxore sua illustra matrona Plectrude dederunt ecclesie Sancti Vitoni villam Paridam cum pertinenciis suis cum silva spaciosa que Nauca sancti Vitoni dicitur, anno septimo Childeberti regis.

## 758.

[0988B]Obiit sanctus Madelveus episcopus Virdunensis.

## 771.

Petrus Virdunensis episcopus instituitur.

## 795.

Obiit Petrus episcopus Virdunensis; succedit [0988C] Austrannus.

## 800.

Obiit Austrannus episcopus Virdunensis; succedit Herilandus.

## 847.

Obiit Hildinus Virdunensis episcopus; succedit Hatto.

## 915.

Combusta est ecclesia Sancti Vitoni Virdunensis liba: memorie sanctorum.

## 920.

Obiit Dado episcopus Virdunensis; succedit Bernoynus.

## 941.

Obiit Bernoinus episcopus Virdunensis; succedit Berengarius, Ottonis imperatoris consanguineus.

## 952.

De monasterio Sancti Vitoni pelluntur clerici, subrogantur monachi sub abbate Huberto. [0988D]

## 958.

Obiit Berengarius episcopus Virdunensis; succedit Wicfridus, qui fundavit ecclesiam Sancti Pauli Virdun.

## 986.

Obiit Wicfridus episcopus Virdunensis; succedit Adelbero.

## 990.

Obiit Adelbero episcopus Virdunensis; succedit Heymo, qui fundavit monasterium monialium Sancti Mauri. [0989A]

## 1005.

Obiit Fingenius abbas Sancti Vitoni: succedit Richardus.

## 1025.

Obiit Heymo episcopus Virdunensis; succedit Raymbertus, qui fundavit monasterium Sancti Agerici.

## 1039.

Obiit Raymbertus episcopus Virdunensis; succedit Richardus.

## 1046.

Obiit Richardus abbas Sancti Vitoni; succedit Walerannus. Obiit Richardus episcopus Virdunensis; succedit Theodericus.

## 1048.

Civitas Virdunensis a duce Godefrido et Balduino capitur, depredatur, et una cum monasterio Sancte Marie incenditur.

## 1049.

Obiit beatus Odilo abbas Cluniacensis. Dedicata est ecclesia beate Marie Magdalene a [0989B] Leone papa IX.

## 1056.

Obiit Heinricus imperator; succedit Heinricus puer.

## 1060.

Obiit Walerannus abbas; succedit Grimoldus.

## 1064.

Sancti Bartholomei capella cum atrio dedicatur. Et stella que dicitur cometa apparuit; quo etiam anno Haroaldus Anglorum rex interimitur, succedente Willermo.

## 1069.

Obiit Godefridus dux, filius Gozelonis ducis; succedit filius ejus Godefridus Gibbosus dictus.

## 1071.

Obiit Ermenfridus canonicus et edificator ecclesie Beate Marie Magdalene.

## 1075.

Rodulfus dux invasit Saxoniam. [0989C]

## 1076.

Obiit Godefridus minor dux; succedit Godefridus qui dicitur Bulloniensis.

## 1077.

Rodulfus abbati Grimoldo succedit. Gelu validum 4 mensibus continuum.

## 1078.

Obiit Grimoldus abbas.

## 1079.

Bellum in Saxonia, ubi Rodulfus dux interimitur a Heinrico minore.

## 1080.

Translatum est corpus domni episcopi Richardi, et sepultum est ante chorum in novam basilicam Sancte Marie.

## 1082.

Sedicio magna inter regnum et sacerdocium. Pro qua a monasterio sancti Vitoni per septennium monachi sunt expulsi, scilicet usque post mortem Theoderici episcopi Virdunensis

## 1086.

Bellum in Sathanaco. [0989D]

## 1087.

Obiit Willermus dux Normannorum et rex Anglorum. Victor papa. Translatio sancti Nicholai in Bar.

## 1088.

Obiit Theodericus episcopus Virdunensis; succedit Richerus, et Urbanus papa.

## 1091.

Obiit Herimannus Mettensium episcopus.

## 1095.

Consecratio Richeri episcopi. Concilium episcoporum pene totius orbis, exceptis Lothoringis Alemannis Baugariis, apud Clarummontem Avernie est congregatum.

## 1097.

Stella que dicitur commeta apparuit.

## 1098.

Obiit Urbanus papa; succedit Pascalis papa. [0990A]

## 1099.

Obiit Rodulfus abbas; succedit Laurentius Jherusalem a duce Godefrido Bulloniensi et a christianis capitur.

## 1106.

Imperatori Heinrico patri mortuo Heinricus succedit.

## 1107.

Richerus episcopus obiit; cui succedit Richardus electus.

## 1111.

Monasterium Sancti Vitoni expulsis monachis a Richardo episcopo desertum. Heinricus, filius Heinrici dicti regis, Romam quasi pape Pascali satisfacturus veniens, ipsum cum cardinalibus infra beati Petri ecclesiam tradicione cepit et in cenoso loco trusit.

## 1114.

Monachi Sancti Vitoni ad monasterium redeunt post mortem Richardi episcopi. Vacavit [0990B] episcopatus tribus annis semis.

## 1116.

Succedit episcopus Heinricus Virdunensis.

## 1117.

Bellum ante Virdunum comitum Raynaldi et Willermi. Obiit Pascalis papa; successit Gelasius.

## 1118.

Obiit Balduinus rex Jerosolimitanus.

## 1119.

Obiit Gelasius papa; succedit Kalistus secundus.

## 1120.

Civitas Virdunensis a comite Raynaldo capitur, et maxima pars urbis cum monasteriis Sancti Salvatoris, Sancti Petri Sanctique Agerici incenditur et spoliatur.

## 1122.

Cives Virdunenses comiti Heinrico de Grandi-Prato hanc urbem per tradicionem reddiderunt; a quo aliquanto tempore possessa, multa [0990C] mala ibi commisit.

## 1124.

Concordia facta est inter regnum et sacerdocium.

## 1125.

Obiit Kalixtus papa; succedit Honorius. Heinricus quintus imperator obiit; succedit Lotharius dux Saxonie.

## 1129.

Heinricus episcopatum reddidit. Orsio abbas Sancti Dionisii Remensis eligitur.

## 1130.

Obiit Honorius papa; succedit Innocencius.

## 1131.

Orsio episcopatui renunciavit, et Adelbero archidiaconus eligitur et die sancto pasche Parisius consecratur ab Innocentio papa.

## 1132.

Turris Virduni capitur et evertitur.

## 1138.

Obiit Lotharius imperator; cui succedit [0990D] Conrardus.

## 1139.

Obiit Laurencius abbas Sancti Vitoni; Segardus successit.

## 1142.

Obiit Segardus abbas; cui Cono successit.

## 1143.

Innocencius papa obiit; succedit Celestinus.

## 1144.

Obiit Celestinus papa; Lucius successit.

## 1145.

Obiit Lucius papa; Eugenius succedit tercius.

## 1147.

Eugenius papa corpus beatissimi Patris Vitoni in ipsius die festivitatis in novo feretro [0991A] transposuit, et in die festivitatis Sancti Martini ecclesiam Beate Marie dedicavit.

## 1150.

Obiit Eugenius papa; succedit Anastasius, et postea Adrianus. Combustum est monasterium Sancte Marie Magdalene et maxima pars urbis.

## 1152.

Obiit Corardus rex Romanorum; succedit Fredericus dux Elisatii.

## 1153.

Bellum ante Mozon, ubi Mettenses interierunt. Ascalona capta a christianis. Rex Lotharingiorum Fredericus perrexit Romam ad imperium dilatandum.

## 1156.

Ordinatio Alberti episcopi duobus annis ante obitum Adelberonis.

## 1158.

Obiit Adelbero episcopus Virdunensis.

## 1161.

Obiit Adrianus papa; succedit Alexander [0991B] III.

## 1163.

Obiit Albertus episcopus Virdunensis et monachus Sancti Vitoni; succedit Richardus dictus Infans.

## 1171.

Obiit Richardus electus Virdunensis; Arnoldus succedit. Passus est sanctus Thomas Cantuariensis episcopus.

## 1178.

Obiit Cono abbas Sancti Vitoni, qui turres lapideas et locum Thezauri dictum fieri jussit et feretrum sancti Vitoni compleri. Cui succedit Richerus.

## 1179.

Richerus spontanea voluntate finitur; succedit Allestannus junior, et ipso anno obiit; cui successit Allestannus senior. [0991C]

## 1181.

Obiit Arnoldus episcopus Virdunensis is sagitta in capite percussus ante castrum de Sancta Manehulde; Heinricus succedit.

## 1182.

Obiit Alexander papa; succedit Lucius papa.

## 1183.

Allestannus senior abbatie renunciavit; Thomas abbas Maurimontis subrogatur.

## 1186.

Obiit Lucius papa; succedit Urbanus. Heinricus episcopatui renunciavit, et Albertus eligitur.

## 1187.

Thomas abbas renunciavit; Hugo succedit. Obiit Urbanus papa, et Gregorius succedit: qui eodem anno obiit; succedit Clemens.

## 1189.

Obiit Fredericus imperator; succedit filius [0991D] ejus Heinricus.

## 1190.

Obiit Clemens papa; succedit Celestinus.

## 1194.

Fames valida adeo ut frumentum precio 4 librarum venumdaretur.

## 1197.

*Obiit Celestinus* papa; succedit Inno *centius tertius.* Hugo abbas prelature cessit; cui Stephanus succedit; qui paralisi percussus abbacie renunciavit eodem anno. Lodoicus in abbatem eligitur, [0992A] frater Alberti episcopi Virdunensis.-- *Obiit Heinricus* imperator; cui *succedit* Philippus.

## 1200.

Capta est Constantinopolis a Francis et a Venetis, et Balduinum comitem Flandrie imperatorem constituunt.

## 1208.

*Philippus* rex nondum imperator *est int* erfectus a palatino . . . . . . . ; succedit Otto co *mes*. . . . . i; quid postquam conse *cratus est man* datis Innocencii *pape im* perans excommunicatus . . . . . . dis depositus *est reg* ia dignitate, et *sublimatus* est imperio Frede *ricus dux Ap* ulie. Sedicio magna orta Virduno, cives consurgentes in clericos, clerici in cives, et multa mala perpetrantes; ad ultimum obiit Albertus episcopus lancea interemptus; cui succedit Robertus primicerius. [0992B]

## 1216.

*Convocatu* m est Rome generale *concilium,* et ibi cruce si *gnatus est* imperator Fredericus. Obiit Innocencius papa; succedit Honorius.

## 1217.

Obiit Robertus episcopus Virdunensis; succedit Johannes de Aspero-monte; qui fundavit monasterium Sancti Nicolai in Prato. Factum est incendium hujus civitatis Virdunensis a gradibus Sancte Marie et ab Ancelini vici porta usque ad pontem Brachioli, generaliter a muro usque ad murum.

## 1222.

Obiit sanctus Dominicus inventor ordinis Predicatorum.

## 1224.

Johannes Virdunensis episcopus episcopatui renunciavit, transiens ad episcopatum Mettensem; cui Radulfus de Torta succedit, cantor de [0992C] Lyons. Lodoicus abbas Sancti Vitoni tabulam argenteam ante majus altare fieri jussit. Gregorius papa Fredericum imperatorem monuit, ut cum exercitu suo, qui jam pridem cruce signatus erat, ad exterminandos fidei christiane inimicos Jerosolimis proficisceretur.

## 1226.

*Obiit Honorius* IX, papa; succe *dit Gregorius.*

1227 . . . . . pugna inter Radulfum *episcopum* Virdunensem et inter ci *ves* . . . . . ii.

## 1232.

Canonizatus sanctus Dominicus inventor fratrum Predicatorum.

## 1237.

VIII Idus Marcii Lodoicus abbas senio fessus abbacie resignavit, qui opus sumptuosum monasterii [0992D] inchoaverat, et anno sequenti obiit. Cui Guillermus abbas Sancti Mansueti electione succedit, olim monacus Sancti Vitoni; qui in eodem opere sumptuoso, in edificiis domorum et capelle, in capsis sanctorum, in campanis optimis et maximis, et in acquisicione fundorum fidelissimus inventus est, sicut et predecessor ipsius.

## 1241.

Obiit Gregorius papa; succedit Celestinus sedit diebus 18; vacat per triennium sedes. [0993A]

## 1243.

Succedit Innocencius in papatu.

## 1245.

Obiit Radulfus episcopus Virdunensis; successit Guido de Triagnel; qui eodem anno obiit; cui Guido de Melloto succedit. Sedicio magna inter ipsum et cives Virdunenses extitit; pace facta, eodem anno transivit ad Altissiodorensem episcopatum; cui succedit Johannes de Aix.

## 1253.

Obiit Innocencius papa; Allexander succedit. Obiit Johannes d' Aix electus Virdunensis diaconus; cui ex provisione domni pape Jacobus archidiaconus Laudunensis succedit, natione Gallicus ex civitate Trecensi.

## 1256.

Jacobus Virdunensis episcopus ex pape precepto translatus est ad patriarchatum Jerosolimis; cui succedit Robertus Mediolanensis. [0993B]

## 1259.

Obiit Guillermus abbas. Vacavit sedes per octo annos, durante lite inter duos electos, videlicet Dominicum prepositum et Radulfum priorem Montis Sancti Martini, qui tamen obtinuit; et propter hoc sumptuosum opus monasterii cessavit, multis impetitionibus et dampnis per eum huic ecclesie factis. Obiit Allexander papa; successit Jacobus prefatus Virdunensis episcopus patriarcha Jerosolimis, dictus Urbanus papa IV, qui sollempnitatem sanctissimi sacramenti instituit.

## 1264.

Obiit Urbanus papa; succedit Clemens.

## 1265.

Karolus comes Andegavensis, frater Ludovici regis Francie, dux exercitus christianorum, devicit Manfridum tocius christianitatis inimicum. [0993C]

## 1267.

Obiit Clemens; succedit Gregorius.

## 1270.

Obiit sanctus Ludovicus Francorum rex.

## 1271.

Obiit Robertus II, episcopus Virdunensis; successit Ulricus de Satanacho, prepositus beate Marie Magdalene.

## 1272.

[Obiit] Gregorius papa; succedit Innocencius.

## 1273.

Obiit Ulricus episcopus Virdunensis; post hunc vacavit sedes per tres annos.

## 1276.

[Obiit] Innocencius papa; [succedit] Adrianus papa, et inde Johannes. Succedit in episcopatu vero Gerardus de Grandissono.

## 1277.

Obiit Johannes papa; succedit Nicholaus.

## 1278.

Obiit Gerardus de Grandissono episcopus Virdunensis; succedit frater ejus Henricus de [0993D] Grandissono.

## 1281.

Obiit Radulfus abbas; succedit Johannes.

## 1286.

Obiit Johannes abbas; succedit Tiericus. Obiit Heinricus de Grandissono episcopus Virdunensis; vacavit per 4 annos.

## 1290.

Succedit in episcopatu Virdunensi Jacobus de Revigneyo clericorum generalissimus. [0994A]

## 1292.

Obiit Tiericus abbas; Gobertus elimosinarius eligitur; sed Philippus Dorne prior de Corbigney.

## 1296.

Obiit Jacobus II, episcopus in curia Romana, qui ibi iverat propter discordiam quam habebat contra cives Virdunenses. Succedit Johannes de Richeri-curte dictus de Aspero-monte Ill u s .

## 1297.

Obiit Philippus abbas; succedit Hugo de Remis.

## 1302.

Obiit Johannes de Richeri-curte episcopus Virdunensis; succedit Thomas de Albo-monte.

## 1303.

Obiit Hugo abbas Sancti Vitoni; succedit Baudocus de Failleyo, prior de Munau.

## 1305.

Obiit Baudocus abbas; succedit Nicolaus [0994B] Maisel celerarius. Obiit Thomas episcopus Virdunensis; successit Nicolaus de Nova-villa super Horne.

## 1312.

Nicolaus episcopus Virdunensis resignavit oneri sui episcopatus; cui succedit Heinricus de Aspero-monte.

## 1314.

Obiit Heinricus de Lucembourge imperarator, qui in perceptione eucaristie et in amministratione sanguinis Christi veneno apposito in calice intoxicatus est in Ytalia.

## 1316.

Obiit Nicolaus abbas Sancti Vitoni; cui succedit Symon de Nanceyo, prior Flaviniaci. Magna fames et maximo mortalitas hominum.

## 1318.

Obiit Symon de Nanceyo abbas Sancti Vitoni; cui succedit Theobaldus de Bazelle, prior de [0994C] Munau.

## 1319.

Obiit Theobaldus abbas Sancti Vitoni; succedit consaguineus ejus Erardus de Bazelle; qui debita et impinoraciones suorum predecessorum delevit.

## 1325.

Archidiaconus Treverensis, rex Boemie, comes Barensis et dux Lothoringie cum eorum comitatu ter in anno fuerunt ante Meten. Propter hoc Patries tota fuit combusta

## 1332.

Facta sunt tonitrua et corruscaciones in crastino nativitatis Domini. Majores civitatis Virdunensis a communitate civitatis religati fuerunt.

## 1336.

Conbusserunt cives Virdunenses villam de Buxey, et ipsis redeuntibus, ad pontem de Way multi fuerunt occisi et vulnerati a Barensibus, [0994D] et Virdunensis episcopatus per tradicionem.

## 1340.

Erardus abbas Sancti vitoni fieri jussit duas majores medias campanas.

## 1346.

Rex Anglorum prope Cuxei debellavit, regem Francorum, et ibi occubuerunt rex Boemie, dux Lothoringie et alii multi principes.

## 1349.

Obiit Heinricus episcopus Virdunensis; [0995A] Heinricus de Germiney eligitur. Hic non fuit confirmatus. Obiit Erardus abbas Sancti Vitoni; Bastiavus prior Calidi-fontis eligitur; sed Raymundus Dachic gratia sedis apostolice obtinuit.

## 1353.

Raymundo abbati succedit Gerardus de Voudenayo gratia sedis apostolice. Qui bona monasterii Marie dissipavit, census et redditus obligavit, litteras et cartas summe necessarias impignoravit, homines et subditos depauperavit et suis bonis spoliavit, redditus ipsius in tercia parte minoravit ac in aliis 26 milibus Francis et ultra dampnificavit, ac ipsum monasterium in tantam redegit paupertatem, quod vix in anno duodecies matutine cantabantur in eo. Qui omnia parcat sibi Deus et indulgeat. [0995B]

## 1381.

Obiit Gerardus de Vodenay abbas Sancti Vitoni; cui succedit Johannes de Tric, prior Flaviniaci.

## 1382.

Obiit Johannes de Tric abbas Sancti Vitoni; succedit Heinricus de Passavant dictus le Champenoy, prior Calidi-fontis, qui impinoraciones et debita sui predecessoris valde minoravit.

## 1391.

Obiit Heinricus abbas bonus gubernator; Reginaldus Pallardelli gratia sedis apostolice succedit, monachus Sancti Michaelis.

## 1403.

Obiit Leobaldus de Cusancia episcopus Virdunensis; Johannes de Sarraponte, filius domini Johannis de Commarceyo militis, succedit; qui multa passus fuit incommoda per predones et aliquos vassallorum episcopatus Virdunensis, sibi inique [0995C] et sine causa illata.

## 1413.

Ignis in vigilia festivitatis sancti Vitoni in meredionali campanili neglectus liquefecit duas grossiores campanas; quas abbas Reginaldus anno sequenti restauravit.

## 1417.

Obiit Reginaldus abbas; succedit nepos ejus. [Obiit] Stephanus Burgensis, elemosinarius Sancti Vitoni, rector fidelissimus.

## 1420.

Translatus est Johannes de Sarraponte ad episcopatum Cathalaunensem per permutationem factam inter ipsum et Ludovicum de Bar cardinalem episcopum Portunensem, ducem Barrensem, marchionem de Ponte, dominum de Cassel et administratorem episcopatus Virdunensis. [0995D]

## 1430.

Stephanus abbas de minori campana Reginaldi abbatis dirupta fecit majorem. Obiit Ludovicus de Bar cardinalis et episcopus Virdunensis; succedit Ludovicus de Harracourt, cantor Virdunensis.

## 1431.

Stephanus abbas Sancti Vitoni ex illo magnifico [0996A] et sumptuoso antiquo opere ecclesie Sancti Vitoni, per Lodoicum et Guillermum abbates incepto et ad maximam ruinam deducto, tegimine carente, meliores capiendo lapides, aliud novum incepit et usque ad meredianum portale introitus communis hinc inde compleri fecit, cum suis verevis volturis et coopertura decenti.

## 1436.

Translatum est corpus Lodoici abbatis ab antiquo opere in novum sub altari Sancte Marie ad caput.

## 1437.

Dedicata sunt 4 altaria priora novi operis VI Kal. Junii. Ludovico Virdunensi episcopo obtinendo episcopatum Tullensem, Guillermus abbas Sancti Theoderici prope Remis auctoritate apostolica succedit in episcopatu Virdunensi [0996B]

## 1438.

Fames valida.

## 1448.

Stephanus abbas 4 columpnas cupreas emit.

## 1449.

Permutando Guillermus episcopus Virdunensis transivit ad episcopatum Tullensem. Et Ludovicus episcopus Tullensis rediit Virdunum; quem bene rexit.

## 1451.

Mortalitas ypidimie in Virduno 2500 hominum.

## 1452.

Stephanus abbas Sancti Vitoni obiit. Johannes de Arenceyo camerarius eligitur; sed 15 mensibus elapsis a sede apostolica dejicitur ad instanciam domni Guillermi Hugonis cardinalis, cui administratio tribuitur; post novem menses Anthonius de Serieres prior Flaviniaci ab eo extraxit, dando annualem pancionem 400 ducatorum aureorum. [0996C]

## 1454.

Cessavit opus nove ecclesie Sancti Vitoni.

## 1455.

Obiit idem domnus Guillermus cardinalis et pancio ejus.

## 1456.

Obiit Ludovicus episcopus Virdunensis; Guillermus de Haracourt, consanguineus ejus, prepositus Montis-falconis, succedit.

## 1461.

Obiit Karolus Francorum rex; succedit filius ejus Ludovicus. Anthonius abbas, majori campana abbatis Stephani dirupta, restauravit. Et duas cappas sericas auro et argento contextas emit. Obiit Johannes de Arenceyo, olim electus Sancti Vitoni, camerarius et prior Calidi-fontis.

## 1463.

Renovatum fuit analogium et tota sepultura [0996D] octo Virdunensium pontificum in cymiterio hujus monasterii Sancti Vitoni quiescentium olim et antiquitus ante majus altare.

## 1475.

Obiit Antonius abbas hujus loci.

## 1476.

Mors Caroli Burgund. apud Nanceium.

## 1481.

Obiit Matheus abbas; succedit Gerardus.

english:
## Annals

## 96.

[0987B]The passion of Saint Dionysius. Saint Sanctinus, making his way to Rome with Antoninus after the martyrdom of blessed Dionysius, by that same man's command, was instructed by the visitation of an angel and turned aside to the city of the Clavi, which is called [0987C] Verdun; preaching the word of God to the citizens, he converted many, and, building and consecrating a church in honor of blessed Peter, he was chosen first bishop by those very Christians whom he had converted.

## 360.

In these times, after the devastation by the Huns, the churches flourished again, and Pulchronius, a disciple of Lupus bishop of Troyes, is set over the church of Verdun as its 5th bishop.

## 503.

The passing of Saint Firminus, bishop of Verdun. In whose place blessed Vitonus is appointed by King Clovis, and is enthroned in the pontifical see.

## 518.

The annunciation of Saint Agericus.

## 528.

The passing of blessed Vitonus, bishop of Verdun.

## 554.

The ordination of Saint Agericus to the episcopate.

## 602.

Saint Agericus died; Caramerus succeeds. [0987D]

## 688.

Pepin, son of Ansegisus, began to reign. From whose times blessed Madelveus continued down to the times of Charlemagne.

This Pepin, duke and illustrious prince of the Franks, together with his wife, the illustrious matron Plectrude, gave to the church of Saint Vitonus the estate of Parida with its appurtenances, together with the spacious wood which is called the Nauca of Saint Vitonus, in the seventh year of King Childebert.

## 758.

[0988B]Saint Madelveus, bishop of Verdun, died.

## 771.

Peter is installed as bishop of Verdun.

## 795.

Peter, bishop of Verdun, died; [0988C] Austrannus succeeds.

## 800.

Austrannus, bishop of Verdun, died; Herilandus succeeds.

## 847.

Hildinus, bishop of Verdun, died; Hatto succeeds.

## 915.

The church of Saint Vitonus of Verdun was burned, [sic: *liba*]: the memorials of the saints.

## 920.

Dado, bishop of Verdun, died; Bernoynus succeeds.

## 941.

Bernoinus, bishop of Verdun, died; Berengar succeeds, a kinsman of the emperor Otto.

## 952.

The clerics are driven out of the monastery of Saint Vitonus, and monks are put in their place under Abbot Hubert. [0988D]

## 958.

Berengar, bishop of Verdun, died; Wicfrid succeeds, who founded the church of Saint Paul of Verdun.

## 986.

Wicfrid, bishop of Verdun, died; Adalbero succeeds.

## 990.

Adalbero, bishop of Verdun, died; Heymo succeeds, who founded the monastery of the nuns of Saint Maurus. [0989A]

## 1005.

Fingenius, abbot of Saint Vitonus, died: Richard succeeds.

## 1025.

Heymo, bishop of Verdun, died; Raymbert succeeds, who founded the monastery of Saint Agericus.

## 1039.

Raymbert, bishop of Verdun, died; Richard succeeds.

## 1046.

Richard, abbot of Saint Vitonus, died; Waleran succeeds. Richard, bishop of Verdun, died; Theoderic succeeds.

## 1048.

The city of Verdun is taken by Duke Godfrey and by Baldwin, is plundered, and is burned together with the monastery of Saint Mary.

## 1049.

Blessed Odilo, abbot of Cluny, died. The church of blessed Mary Magdalene was dedicated by [0989B] Pope Leo IX.

## 1056.

The emperor Henry died; Henry the boy succeeds.

## 1060.

Abbot Waleran died; Grimold succeeds.

## 1064.

The chapel of Saint Bartholomew, with its forecourt, is dedicated. And the star which is called a comet appeared; in which year also Harold, king of the English, is slain, William succeeding him.

## 1069.

Duke Godfrey, son of Duke Gozelo, died; his son Godfrey, called the Hunchback, succeeds.

## 1071.

Ermenfrid died, canon and builder of the church of blessed Mary Magdalene.

## 1075.

Duke Rudolf invaded Saxony. [0989C]

## 1076.

Godfrey the younger, duke, died; Godfrey who is called of Bouillon succeeds.

## 1077.

Rudolf succeeds Abbot Grimold. A hard frost, continuous for 4 months.

## 1078.

Abbot Grimold died.

## 1079.

A battle in Saxony, where Duke Rudolf is slain by Henry the younger.

## 1080.

The body of the lord bishop Richard was translated, and was buried before the choir in the new basilica of Saint Mary.

## 1082.

A great strife between the kingdom and the priesthood. On account of which the monks were expelled from the monastery of Saint Vitonus for seven years, namely until after the death of Theoderic, bishop of Verdun

## 1086.

A battle at Sathanacum. [0989D]

## 1087.

William, duke of the Normans and king of the English, died. Pope Victor. The translation of Saint Nicholas to Bari.

## 1088.

Theoderic, bishop of Verdun, died; Richer succeeds, and Pope Urban.

## 1091.

Herimann, bishop of Metz, died.

## 1095.

The consecration of Bishop Richer. A council of the bishops of almost the whole world, except the Lotharingians, the Germans, and the Bavarians, was assembled at Clermont in Auvergne.

## 1097.

The star which is called a comet appeared.

## 1098.

Pope Urban died; Pope Paschal succeeds. [0990A]

## 1099.

Abbot Rudolf died; Laurence succeeds. Jerusalem is taken by Duke Godfrey of Bouillon and by the Christians.

## 1106.

The emperor Henry the father having died, Henry succeeds.

## 1107.

Bishop Richer died; whom Richard, the bishop-elect, succeeds.

## 1111.

The monastery of Saint Vitonus deserted, the monks having been expelled by Bishop Richard. Henry, son of Henry the said king, coming to Rome as though to give satisfaction to Pope Paschal, seized him with the cardinals within the church of blessed Peter by treachery, and thrust him into a filthy place.

## 1114.

The monks of Saint Vitonus return to the monastery after the death of Bishop Richard. The [0990B] bishopric was vacant for three and a half years.

## 1116.

Henry succeeds as bishop of Verdun.

## 1117.

A battle before Verdun of the counts Raynald and William. Pope Paschal died; Gelasius succeeded.

## 1118.

Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, died.

## 1119.

Pope Gelasius died; Calixtus the Second succeeds.

## 1120.

The city of Verdun is taken by Count Raynald, and the greatest part of the city, with the monasteries of Saint Saviour, of Saint Peter, and of Saint Agericus, is burned and despoiled.

## 1122.

The citizens of Verdun handed over this city by treachery to Count Henry of Grandpré; and he, having held it for some time, committed many [0990C] evils there.

## 1124.

Concord was made between the kingdom and the priesthood.

## 1125.

Pope Calixtus died; Honorius succeeds. Henry the Fifth, emperor, died; Lothar, duke of Saxony, succeeds.

## 1129.

Henry gave back the bishopric. Ursio, abbot of Saint Denis of Reims, is elected.

## 1130.

Pope Honorius died; Innocent succeeds.

## 1131.

Ursio renounced the bishopric, and Adalbero the archdeacon is elected and is consecrated at Paris on holy Easter day by Pope Innocent.

## 1132.

The tower of Verdun is taken and overthrown.

## 1138.

The emperor Lothar died; whom [0990D] Conrad succeeds.

## 1139.

Laurence, abbot of Saint Vitonus, died; Segard succeeded.

## 1142.

Abbot Segard died; whom Cono succeeded.

## 1143.

Pope Innocent died; Celestine succeeds.

## 1144.

Pope Celestine died; Lucius succeeded.

## 1145.

Pope Lucius died; Eugenius the Third succeeds.

## 1147.

Pope Eugenius, on the day of his feast, transferred the body of the most blessed Father Vitonus into a new bier, [0991A] and on the day of the feast of Saint Martin dedicated the church of blessed Mary.

## 1150.

Pope Eugenius died; Anastasius succeeds, and afterward Adrian. The monastery of Saint Mary Magdalene and the greatest part of the city were burned.

## 1152.

Conrad, king of the Romans, died; Frederick, duke of Alsace, succeeds.

## 1153.

A battle before Mouzon, where the men of Metz perished. Ascalon taken by the Christians. Frederick, king of the Lotharingians, set out for Rome to enlarge the empire.

## 1156.

The ordination of Bishop Albert, two years before the death of Adalbero.

## 1158.

Adalbero, bishop of Verdun, died.

## 1161.

Pope Adrian died; Alexander [0991B] III succeeds.

## 1163.

Albert, bishop of Verdun and monk of Saint Vitonus, died; Richard called the Child succeeds.

## 1171.

Richard, bishop-elect of Verdun, died; Arnold succeeds. Saint Thomas, bishop of Canterbury, suffered.

## 1178.

Cono, abbot of Saint Vitonus, died, who ordered the stone towers and the place called the Treasury to be made, and the bier of Saint Vitonus to be completed. Whom Richer succeeds.

## 1179.

Richer is brought to an end by his own free will; Allestannus the younger succeeds, and in that same year he died; whom Allestannus the elder succeeded. [0991C]

## 1181.

Arnold, bishop of Verdun, died, he struck by an arrow in the head before the castle of Sainte-Menehould; Henry succeeds.

## 1182.

Pope Alexander died; Pope Lucius succeeds.

## 1183.

Allestannus the elder renounced the abbacy; Thomas, abbot of Mureau, is put in his place.

## 1186.

Pope Lucius died; Urban succeeds. Henry renounced the bishopric, and Albert is elected.

## 1187.

Abbot Thomas renounced; Hugh succeeds. Pope Urban died, and Gregory succeeded: who died in the same year; Clement succeeds.

## 1189.

The emperor Frederick died; his son [0991D] Henry succeeds.

## 1190.

Pope Clement died; Celestine succeeds.

## 1194.

A famine so severe that grain was sold at the price of 4 pounds.

## 1197.

*Pope Celestine died*; *Innocent the Third* succeeds. Abbot Hugh gave up the prelacy; whom Stephen succeeds; who, struck with paralysis, renounced the abbacy in the same year. Ludwig is chosen abbot, [0992A] the brother of Albert, bishop of Verdun.-- *The emperor Henry died*; to whom *succeeds* Philip.

## 1200.

Constantinople was taken by the Franks and by the Venetians, and they appoint Baldwin, count of Flanders, emperor.

## 1208.

*Philip*, king, not yet emperor, *was slain* by the palatine . . . . . . . ; Otto the *count* succeeds . . . . . i; what after he *was consecrated*, ruling by the man*dates of Pope* Innocent, excommunicated . . . . . . dis, he *was deposed* from the roy*al* dignity, and Frede*rick, duke of Ap*ulia, *was raised* to the empire. A great sedition arose at Verdun, the citizens rising against the clerics, the clerics against the citizens, and perpetrating many evils; at the last Bishop Albert died, slain by a lance; whom Robert the precentor succeeds. [0992B]

## 1216.

A general *council was convoked* at Rome, and there the emperor Frederick *was signed* with the cross. Pope Innocent died; Honorius succeeds.

## 1217.

Robert, bishop of Verdun, died; John of Aspremont succeeds, who founded the monastery of Saint Nicholas in the Meadow. A fire of this city of Verdun took place, from the steps of Saint Mary and from the gate of Ancelin's quarter as far as the bridge of Brachiolum, generally from wall to wall.

## 1222.

Saint Dominic died, the founder of the Order of Preachers.

## 1224.

John, bishop of Verdun, renounced the bishopric, passing over to the bishopric of Metz; whom Rudolf of Torte succeeds, cantor of [0992C] Lyons. Ludwig, abbot of Saint Vitonus, ordered a silver table to be made before the high altar. Pope Gregory admonished the emperor Frederick that he should set out for Jerusalem with his army, which had long since been signed with the cross, to destroy the enemies of the Christian faith.

## 1226.

*Honorius IX, pope, died*; *Gregory succeeds.*

1227 . . . . . a fight between Rudolf, *bishop* of Verdun, and the ci*tizens* . . . . . ii.

## 1232.

Saint Dominic, founder of the Friars Preachers, canonized.

## 1237.

On the 8th of the Ides of March, Abbot Ludwig, worn out with old age, resigned the abbacy — he who had begun the costly work of the monastery [0992D] — and died in the following year. Whom William, abbot of Saint-Mansuy, succeeds by election, formerly a monk of Saint Vitonus; who in that same costly work, in the buildings of the houses and of the chapel, in the shrines of the saints, in bells of the best and largest sort, and in the acquisition of lands, was found most faithful, just as his predecessor also was.

## 1241.

Pope Gregory died; Celestine succeeds, who sat 18 days; the see is vacant for three years. [0993A]

## 1243.

Innocent succeeds in the papacy.

## 1245.

Rudolf, bishop of Verdun, died; Guy of Trainel succeeded; who died in the same year; whom Guy of Mello succeeds. A great strife arose between him and the citizens of Verdun; peace having been made, in the same year he passed over to the bishopric of Auxerre; whom John of Aix succeeds.

## 1253.

Pope Innocent died; Alexander succeeds. John of Aix, bishop-elect of Verdun, a deacon, died; whom, by the provision of the lord pope, James, archdeacon of Laon, succeeds, a Frenchman by birth, from the city of Troyes.

## 1256.

James, bishop of Verdun, was translated by the pope's command to the patriarchate of Jerusalem; whom Robert of Milan succeeds. [0993B]

## 1259.

Abbot William died. The see was vacant for eight years, while a suit lasted between two men elected, namely Dominic the provost and Rudolf, prior of Mont-Saint-Martin, who nevertheless prevailed; and on this account the costly work of the monastery ceased, many attacks and damages having been done to this church by him. Pope Alexander died; the aforesaid James, bishop of Verdun and patriarch of Jerusalem, succeeded, called Pope Urban IV, who instituted the solemnity of the most holy Sacrament.

## 1264.

Pope Urban died; Clement succeeds.

## 1265.

Charles, count of Anjou, brother of Louis king of France, leader of the army of the Christians, overcame Manfred, the enemy of all Christendom. [0993C]

## 1267.

Clement died; Gregory succeeds.

## 1270.

Saint Louis, king of the Franks, died.

## 1271.

Robert II, bishop of Verdun, died; Ulric of Sathanacum succeeded, provost of blessed Mary Magdalene.

## 1272.

Pope Gregory [died]; Innocent succeeds.

## 1273.

Ulric, bishop of Verdun, died; after him the see was vacant for three years.

## 1276.

Pope Innocent [died]; Pope Adrian [succeeds], and then John. And in the bishopric there succeeds Gerard of Grandson.

## 1277.

Pope John died; Nicholas succeeds.

## 1278.

Gerard of Grandson, bishop of Verdun, died; his brother Henry of [0993D] Grandson succeeds.

## 1281.

Abbot Rudolf died; John succeeds.

## 1286.

Abbot John died; Thierry succeeds. Henry of Grandson, bishop of Verdun, died; it was vacant for 4 years.

## 1290.

James of Revigny, most general of clerics, succeeds in the bishopric of Verdun. [0994A]

## 1292.

Abbot Thierry died; Gobert the almoner is elected; but Philip Dorne, prior of Corbigny.

## 1296.

James II, bishop, died in the Roman curia, who had gone thither on account of the discord which he had with the citizens of Verdun. There succeeds John of Richericourt, called of Aspremont [sic: Ill u s .]

## 1297.

Abbot Philip died; Hugh of Reims succeeds.

## 1302.

John of Richericourt, bishop of Verdun, died; Thomas of Aubemont succeeds.

## 1303.

Hugh, abbot of Saint Vitonus, died; Baudoc of Failly succeeds, prior of Munau.

## 1305.

Abbot Baudoc died; Nicholas [0994B] Maisel the cellarer succeeds. Thomas, bishop of Verdun, died; Nicholas of Neuville-sur-Orne succeeded.

## 1312.

Nicholas, bishop of Verdun, resigned the burden of his bishopric; whom Henry of Aspremont succeeds.

## 1314.

Henry of Luxembourg, [sic: *imperarator*], died, who at the receiving of the Eucharist and in the administration of the blood of Christ was poisoned in Italy, poison having been put into the chalice.

## 1316.

Nicholas, abbot of Saint Vitonus, died; whom Simon of Nancy succeeds, prior of Flavigny. A great famine and a very great mortality of men.

## 1318.

Simon of Nancy, abbot of Saint Vitonus, died; whom Theobald of Bazeilles succeeds, prior of [0994C] Munau.

## 1319.

Theobald, abbot of Saint Vitonus, died; his kinsman Erard of Bazeilles succeeds; who wiped out the debts and pledgings of his predecessors.

## 1325.

The archdeacon of Trier, the king of Bohemia, the count of Bar, and the duke of Lorraine with their following were three times in the year before Metz. On this account Patries was wholly burned

## 1332.

There were thunderings and lightnings on the morrow of the Lord's Nativity. The greater men of the city of Verdun were banished by the community of the city.

## 1336.

The citizens of Verdun burned the vill of Buxey, and as they were returning, at the bridge of Way many were slain and wounded by the men of Bar, [0994D] and the bishopric of Verdun by treachery.

## 1340.

Erard, abbot of Saint Vitonus, ordered the two larger middle bells to be made.

## 1346.

The king of the English near Crécy overcame the king of the Franks, and there fell the king of Bohemia, the duke of Lorraine, and many other princes.

## 1349.

Henry, bishop of Verdun, died; [0995A] Henry of Germiny is elected. He was not confirmed. Erard, abbot of Saint Vitonus, died; Bastiavus, prior of Chaudefontaine, is elected; but Raymond Dachic obtained it by favor of the apostolic see.

## 1353.

Gerard of Vaudenay succeeds Abbot Raymond by favor of the apostolic see. Who squandered the goods of the monastery of Mary, encumbered its rents and revenues, pawned letters and charters of the utmost necessity, impoverished its men and subjects and despoiled them of their goods, diminished its revenue by a third part, and damaged it in other things to the amount of 26 thousand francs and more, and reduced the monastery itself to such poverty that scarcely twelve times in the year were matins sung in it. Who all things, may God spare him and forgive. [0995B]

## 1381.

Gerard of Vaudenay, abbot of Saint Vitonus, died; whom John of Tric succeeds, prior of Flavigny.

## 1382.

John of Tric, abbot of Saint Vitonus, died; Henry of Passavant, called le Champenoy, succeeds, prior of Chaudefontaine, who greatly reduced the pledgings and debts of his predecessor.

## 1391.

Henry, a good governor, died as abbot; Reginald Pallardelli succeeds by favor of the apostolic see, a monk of Saint Michael.

## 1403.

Liébaud of Cusance, bishop of Verdun, died; John of Sarrebonne, son of the lord John of Commercy, knight, succeeds; who suffered many troubles from robbers and from some of the vassals of the bishopric of Verdun, inflicted upon him wickedly [0995C] and without cause.

## 1413.

A fire, on the vigil of the feast of Saint Vitonus, left unattended in the southern bell tower, melted the two heavier bells; which Abbot Reginald restored in the following year.

## 1417.

Abbot Reginald died; his nephew succeeds. Stephen of Bourges, almoner of Saint Vitonus, a most faithful ruler, [died].

## 1420.

John of Sarrebonne was translated to the bishopric of Châlons by an exchange made between him and Louis of Bar, cardinal, bishop [sic: *Portunensem*], duke of Bar, marquis of Pont, lord of Cassel, and administrator of the bishopric of Verdun. [0995D]

## 1430.

Abbot Stephen, the lesser bell of Abbot Reginald having been broken up, made a greater one. Louis of Bar, cardinal and bishop of Verdun, died; Louis of Haraucourt, cantor of Verdun, succeeds.

## 1431.

Stephen, abbot of Saint Vitonus, out of that magnificent [0996A] and costly old work of the church of Saint Vitonus, begun by the abbots Ludwig and William and brought to utter ruin, lacking a roof, taking the better stones, began another new one, and had it completed as far as the southern portal of the common entrance on either side, with its [sic: *verevis*], its [sic: *volturis*], and a fitting covering.

## 1436.

The body of Abbot Ludwig was translated from the old work into the new, under the altar of Saint Mary at the head.

## 1437.

The 4 first altars of the new work were dedicated on the 6th of the Kalends of June. Louis, bishop of Verdun, obtaining the bishopric of Toul, William, abbot of Saint-Thierry near Reims, succeeds by apostolic authority in the bishopric of Verdun [0996B]

## 1438.

A severe famine.

## 1448.

Abbot Stephen bought 4 copper columns.

## 1449.

By an exchange William, bishop of Verdun, passed over to the bishopric of Toul. And Louis, bishop of Toul, returned to Verdun, which he ruled well.

## 1451.

A mortality of the epidemic at Verdun, of 2500 men.

## 1452.

Stephen, abbot of Saint Vitonus, died. John of Arency the chamberlain is elected; but, 15 months having passed, he is cast out by the apostolic see at the instance of the lord William Hugh, cardinal, to whom the administration is granted; after nine months Anthony of Serrières, prior of Flavigny, extracted it from him, giving an annual pension of 400 gold ducats. [0996C]

## 1454.

The work of the new church of Saint Vitonus ceased.

## 1455.

The same lord William, cardinal, died, and his pension with him.

## 1456.

Louis, bishop of Verdun, died; William of Haraucourt, his kinsman, provost of Mont-faucon, succeeds.

## 1461.

Charles, king of the Franks, died; his son Louis succeeds. Abbot Anthony, the greater bell of Abbot Stephen having been broken up, restored it. And he bought two silken copes woven with gold and silver. John of Arency died, once elected of Saint Vitonus, chamberlain and prior of Chaudefontaine.

## 1463.

The lectern was renewed, and the whole burial place [0996D] of eight bishops of Verdun resting in the cemetery of this monastery of Saint Vitonus, formerly and of old before the high altar.

## 1475.

Anthony, abbot of this place, died.

## 1476.

The death of Charles of Burgundy at Nancy.

## 1481.

Abbot Matthew died; Gerard succeeds.


site: migne

author: Peter of Blois

languages: en la

source_edition: Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. 207, coll. 1051B–1056D

source_text:
## De divisione et scriptoribus sacrorum librorum

[1051B]Vetus Testamentum ideo dicitur quod, veniente Novo, cessavit; de quo et Apostolus meminit dicens: Caetera *transierunt, et ecce nova facta sunt*. Testamentum autem Novum ideo nuncupavit quia innovat. Non enim illud dicunt nisi homines revocati ex vetustate per gratiam, et pertinentes jam ad Testamentum Novum, quod est regnum coelorum. Hebraei autem Vetus Testamentum a Deo auctore juxta litterarum suarum numerum in XXII libros accipiunt, dividentes eos in tres ordines: legis scilicet, prophetarum et hagiographorum. Primus ordo legis est quem in quinque libris accipiunt; quorum primus est Beresith, qui est Genesis; secundus Vellesemoth, quod est Exodus; tertius Vaiecra, quod est Leviticus; quartus Vagedaber, quod est Numerus; quintus [1051C] Elleaddebarim, quod est Deuteronomium. Hi sunt quinque libri Moysi, quos Hebraei Thorah, Latini Legem appellant. Proprie lex autem appellatur quae per Moysen data est. Secundus ordo est prophetarum, in quo continentur libri octo; quorum primus Josue Ben Nun, quod Latine Jesu Nave dicitur; secundus Sophethim, quod est Judicum; tertius Samuel, quod est Regum primus; quartus Malachim, quod est Regum tertius et quartus; quintus Isaias; sextus Jeremias; septimus Ezechiel; octavus There-asar, qui dicitur XII Prophetarum; qui libri, quia sibi pro brevitate adjuncti sunt, pro uno accipiuntur. Tertius hagiographorum, id est sancta scribentium, in quo sunt libri novem. Quorum primus Job, secundus Psalterium; tertius [1051D] Massot, quod est Proverbia Salomonis; quartus Coheleth, quod est Ecclesiastes; quintus Sir-assirim, quod est Canticum canticorum; sextus Daniel, septimus Dibrehajamin, quod est verba dierum, hoc est Paralipomenon; octavus Esdras; nonus Esther. Qui simul omnes quinque et octo novem fiunt viginti et duo, sicut superius comprehensi sunt. Quidam autem Ruth et Cinoth, quod Latine dicitur [1052B] tamentationes Jeremiae, hagiographis adjiciunt. Viginti quatuor volumina Testamenti Veteris faciunt juxta viginti quatuor seniores qui ante conspectum Dei assistunt. Quartus est apud nos ordo Veteris Testamenti eorum librorum qui in canone Hebraeorum non sunt. Quorum primus Sapientiae liber est, secundus Ecclesiasticus, tertius Tobias, quartus Judith, quintus et sextus Machabaeorum; quos, licet Judaei inter apocrypha separent, Ecclesia tamen Christi inter divinos libros et honorat et praedicat. In Novo autem Testamento duo sunt ordines: Primus evangelicus, in quo sunt Matthaeus, Marcus, Lucas, Joannes; secundus Apostolicus, in quo sunt Paulus in quatuordecim Epistolis, Petrus in duabus, Joannes tribus, Jacobus et Judas in singulis, Actus [1052C] apostolorum et Apocalypsis. Summa autem utriusque Testamenti trifarie distinguitur, in historia, in moribus, in allegoria. Rursum ista tria multifarie dividuntur: quid a Deo, quid ab angelis et ab hominibus gestum denique sit; quid a prophetis nuntiatum de Christo et corpore ejus; quid de diabolo et membris ejus; quid de veteri et novo populo; quid de praesenti et futuro saeculo, regno atque judicio.

Veteris Testamenti secundum Hebraeorum traditionem hi perhibentur auctores: Primus Moyses, qui divinae historiae cosmographiam, id est mundi scripturam, in quinque voluminibus edidit, et Pentateucon cognominatur. Pentateuchus autem quinque volumina dicitur. Penta enim Graece, *quinque;* [1052D] teuchus *volumen* dicitur. Genesis autem liber Beresith appellatur, eo quod exordium mundi, et generatio saeculi in eo contineatur. Exodus vero exitum de Aegypto vel egressum populi Israel digerit, et ex ea causa nomen accepit. Leviticus appellatur, eo quod levitarum ministeria et diversitatem victimarum exsequitur, totusque in eo ordo Leviticus adnotatur. Numerorum liber vocatur, eo quod in eo [1053A] egressae de Aegypto tribus annumerantur: et quadraginta duarum per eremum mansionum in eo descriptio continetur. Deuteronomium Graeco sermone quod Latine interpretatur *secunda lex,* id est repetitio evangelicae legis, praefiguratio est quae sic ea habet quae priora sunt, ut tum ea nova sint omnia quae in eo replicantur. Josue liber nomen accepit a Josue filio Nave, cujus historiam continet. Scriptorem vero ejus eumdem Josue Hebraei asserunt, in cujus textu post Jordanis transitum regna hostium subvertuntur. Terra populo dividitur, et singulas urbes, vitulos, montes, aquae confinia Ecclesiae coelestisque Hierusalem spiritualia regna praefigurantur. Judicum nominatur a principibus populi, qui praesederunt in Israel post Moysen et [1053B] Josue, antequam David et caeteri reges existerent. Hunc librum et Ruth edisse creditur Samuel. Liber Samuelis ejusdem, Samuelis nativitatem, et sacerdotium, et gesta describit. Idcirco ab eo nomen accepit; et, quamvis hic liber Saul et David historiam contineat, uterque tamen ad Samuel refertur, ex eo quod ipse unxit Saul et David in reges futuros. Cujus libri primam partem conscripsit idem Samuel, sequentia vero ejus usque ad calcem scripsit David. Malachim proinde appellatur, eo quod reges Judae et Israelitae gentis gesta per ordinem digerat temporum. Malach enim Hebraice, Latine *regnum* interpretatum est; hunc librum Jeremias primus in unum volumen coegit; nam antea sparsus [1053C] erat per singulorum Regum historias. Paralipomenon Graece dicitur, quod nos praetermissorum vel reliquorum dicere possumus; quia quae in lege, vel Regum libris vel omissa, vel non plene relata sunt, in isto summatim ac breviter explicantur. Librum Job quidam Moysen scripsisse arbitrantur, alii unum ex prophetis; nonnulli vero eumdem Job post plagam suae passionis scriptorem fuisse existimant, arbitrantes ipsum qui certamen spiritualis pugnae sustinuit, narrare quas victorias expedivit. Principia autem et fines libri Job apud Hebraeos ipsa ratione certa sunt; media autem ipsius ab eo loco in quo ait: *Pereat dies in quo natus sum*, usque ad eum locum, *idcirco me reprehendo et ago poenitentiam*, omnia heroico metro discurrunt.

[1053D]Psalmorum liber, Graece Psalterium, Hebraice Nablat, Latine organum dicitur: vocatur autem psalmorum liber, quia uno Propheta canente ad Psalterium chorus consonando responderit. Titulus autem in Psalmis Hebraicis ita est: Ysopocalim, quod interpretatur *volumen hymnorum.* Auctores autem Psalmorum qui ponuntur in titulis: Moyses scilicet, David et Salomon, Asaph, Ethan, et Idithun, et filii Chore, Ezechielites, et reliqui, quos Esdras uno volumine comprehendit. Omnes autem Psalmi apud Hebraeos metrico carmine constant esse compositi. Nam in metro Romani Flacci et Graeci Pindari: nunc alii ambo currunt, nunc alcaico personant, [1054A] nunc Sapphico nitent, trimetro vel tetrametro pede incedentes. Salomon filius David regis juxta numerum vocabulorum suorum tria volumina edidit; quorum primus est Massot, quem Graeci Parabolas, Latini Proverbia nominant: eo quod in ipso sub comparativa similitudine figuras verborum et imagines veritatis ostenderet. Ipsam autem veritatem ad intelligendum legentibus servavit. Secundum librum Coheleth vocavit, qui Graece Ecclesiastes dicitur, Latine concionator: quod sermo ejus non specialiter dirigatur ad unum sicut in Proverbiis; sed ad universos generaliter dirigatur: docens omnia quae in mundo cernimus, caduca esse et brevia, et ob hoc minime appetenda. Tertium librum Sir-assirim praenotavit, qui in Latinam linguam vertitur [1054B] Canticum canticorum; ubi per epithalamicum carmen conjunctionem Christi et Ecclesiae mystice canit. Dicitur autem Canticum canticorum, eo quod in omnibus praeferatur quae in Scripturis sanctis habentur, sicut quaedam in lege dicuntur sancta; et quae majora sunt, Sancta sanctorum. Hujus autem tertii libri carmina hexametris et pentametris versibus apud duos composita perhibentur: ut sunt Josephus, Hieronymus. Isaias evangelica potius quam prophetica forma edidit librum suum. Cujus omnis textus eloquentiae prosa incedit. Canticum vero hexametro et pentametro versibus discurrit. Jeremias similiter librum suum edidit cum Threnis, quos nos lamenta vocamus, eo quod in tristioribus [1054C] rebus funeribusque adhibeantur; in quibus quadruplex diversis metris alphabetum composuit. Quorum duo prima Sapphico metro scripta sunt, quia tres versiculos, qui sibi nexi sunt, et ab una tantum littera incipiunt, erectum coma concludit. Tertium alphabetum trimetro scriptum est, et a ternis versibus threni incipiunt. Quartum alphabetum simile primo et secundo habetur. Ezechiel et Daniel a viris quibusdam sapientibus scripti esse perhibentur. Quorum Ezechiel principia et fines multis habet obscuritatibus involuta. Daniel vero claro sermone regna orbis praenuntiat, et tempus adventus Christi manifestissima praedicatione adnotat. Hi sunt quatuor prophetae qui majores vocantur, quia prolixa volumina condiderunt. Liber XII Prophetarum auctorum [1054D] suorum nominibus praenotatur; qui propterea minores dicuntur, quia sermones eorum breves sunt. Unde et connexi sibimet invicem in uno volumine continentur; quorum nomina sunt Osee, Joel, Amos, Abdias, Jonas, Michaeas, Nahum, Habacuc, Sophonias, Aggaeus, Zacharias et Malachias: Esdrae liber auctoris sui titulo praenotatur. In cujus textu ejusdem Esdrae Nehemiaeque sermones pariter continentur. Nec quemquam moveat quod unus Esdrae dicitur; quia liber secundus, tertius et quartus non habentur apud Hebraeos, sed inter apocryphos reputantur. Esther librum Esdras creditur conscripsisse; in quo eadem regina sub [1055A] figura Ecclesiae, Dei populum a servitute et morte eripuisse creditur; atque interfecto Aman (qui interpretatur *iniquitas* ), diei celebritas in posteris mittitur. Liber Sapientiae apud Hebraeos nusquam est: unde et ipse stylus Graecam magis quam Hebraeam eloquentiam redolet. Hunc Judaei Babylonis esse affirmant; qui proinde Sapientiae nominant, quia in eo Christi adventus, qui est sapientia Patris, et passio ejus evidenter exprimitur.

Librum autem Ecclesiasticum certissime Jesus filius Sirach, nepos Jesu sacerdotis magni, composuit; de quo meminit et Zacharias, qui liber apud Latinos propter eloquii similitudinem Salomonis titulo praenotatur. Dictus autem Ecclesiasticus, [1055B] eo quod de totius Ecclesiae disciplina religiosae conversationis magna cura et ratione sit editus. Hic apud Hebraeos reperitur, sed nunc apocryphus habetur. Judith vero, et Tobiae, sive Machabaeorum libri, quibus auctoribus scripti sunt minime constat. Habent autem vocabula ex eorum nominibus, quorum gesta scribunt.

## De divisione et scriptoribus sacrorum librorum (cont.)

Quatuor autem libros Evangeliorum quatuor evangelistae singulariter conscripserunt. Primus Matthaeus conscripsit Evangelium litteris Hebraicis in Judaea, nuntians per suum Evangelium humanam Christi filii David nativitatem, dicens: *Liber generationis Jesu Christi, filii David, filii Abraham;* significans descendisse corporaliter ex semine patriarcharum [1055C] Christum, sicut promissum erat in prophetis per Spiritum sanctum. Secundus Marcus plenus Spiritu sancto scripsit Evangelium Christi, eloquio Graeco, in Italia secutus Petrum ut discipulus; a Joanne initium spiritu prophetali fecit, dicens: *Vox clamantis in deserto, parate viam Domino,* ut ostenderet Christum post assumptionem carnis Evangelium praedicasse in mundo. Ipse enim Christus et propheta dictus est, sicut scriptum est: *Et prophetam in gentibus dedi te*. Tertius Lucas inter omnes evangelistas Graeci sermonis eruditissimus; quippe, ut medicus, in Graecia Evangelium scripsit Theophilo episcopo, initians a sacerdotali spiritu, dicens: *Fuit in diebus Herodis regis Judaeae Zacharias sacerdos*, ut manifestaret [1055D] Christum post nativitatem carnis et praedicationem Evangelii hostiam fuisse effectum pro salute mundi. Ipse enim sacerdos, de quo dictum est in Psalmis: *Tu es sacerdos in aeternum secundum ordinem Melchisedech*. Ubi enim Christus advenit, sacerdotium obmutuit, lex et prophetia cessavit. Quartus Joannes scripsit Evangelium ultimum in Asia, incipiens a Verbo, ut ostenderet eum Salvatorem, quia pro nobis dignatus est nasci et pati, ipsum ante saecula Dei Verbum e coelo venisse, et post mortem iterum ad coelum remeasse. Hi sunt quatuor evangelistae, quos per Ezechielem Spiritus sanctus [1056A] significavit quatuor animalibus. Propterea autem quatuor animalia sunt, per quae per quatuor mundi partes fides Christianae religionis eorum praedicatione disseminata est. Animalia autem dicta sunt, quoniam propter animam hominis praedicatur Evangelium Christi. Nam et oculis plena erant intus et foris, quoniam praevident Evangelia, quae dicta sunt a prophetis, et quae promiserant in priore. Crura autem eorum recta, quia nihil pravum in Evangeliis est. Alas senas habebant tegentes crura et facies suas, sed revelata sunt quae tegebantur in adventu Christi. Evangelium autem interpretatur *bona annuntiatio;* Ev enim *bonum,* angelium *annuntiatio* dicitur. Unde apostolus et angelus *nuntius* interpretatur.

[1056B]Paulus apostolus suas scripsit Epistolas quatordecim Graece, ex quibus novem septem Ecclesiis scripsit; reliquas discipulis suis Timotheo, Tito et Philemoni. Ad Hebraeos autem Epistola a plerisque Latinis ejus esse incerta propter dissonantiam sermonis; eamdemque alii Barnabam conscripsisse, alii a Clemente suspicantur. Petrus scripsit duas nominis sui Epistolas. Jacobus et Joannes, et Judas suas scripserunt Epistolas; quae canonicae ideo nominantur, quia non uni tantum populo vel civitati, sed universis gentibus generaliter scriptae sunt. Actus apostolorum primordia fidei Christianae in gentibus et nascentis Ecclesiae historiam digerit. Actuum apostolorum scriptorem Lucam esse evangelistam legimus; in quo opere nascentis Ecclesiae [1056C] infantia texitur, et apostolorum historia retinetur: unde et Actus apostolorum dicitur. Apocalypsim librum Joannes evangelista scripsit eo tempore, quo ab Evangelii praedicatione in insulam Pathmos traditur relegatus. Apocalypsis autem e Graeco in Latinum *revelatio* interpretatur. Revelatio autem dicitur manifestatio eorum, quae abscondita erant, juxta quod et ipse Joannes dicit, *Apocalypsim Jesu Christi, quam dedit illi Deus palam facere servis suis.* Hi sunt scriptores sacrorum librorum qui per Spiritum sanctum loquentes, ad eruditionem nostram praecepta vivendi et credendi regulam conscripserunt. Praeter haec alia volumina apocrypha nuncupantur. Apocrypha autem dicta, id est secreta, quia in dubium veniunt. Est enim eorum occulta [1056D] origo; nec patet Patribus, e quibus usque ad nos auctoritas veritatis Scripturarum certissima et notissima successione pervenit. In his apocryphis etsi invenitur aliqua veritas, tamen propter multa falsa nulla est in eis canonica auctoritas, quae recte a prudentibus judicantur non esse eorum credenda quibus ascribuntur. Nam multa et sub nominibus prophetarum, et recentiora sub nominibus apostolorum ab haereticis proferuntur; quae omnia sub nomine apocryphorum auctoritate canonica diligenti examinatione remota sunt.

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## On the Division and the Writers of the Sacred Books

[1051B]The Old Testament is so called because, when the New came, it ceased; and of this the Apostle also makes mention, saying: The rest *have passed away, and behold, they are made new*. But he named the New Testament "New" because it makes new. For none speak of it save men called back from oldness through grace, and belonging already to the New Testament, which is the kingdom of heaven. The Hebrews, however, receive the Old Testament, of which God is the author, in twenty-two books, according to the number of their letters, dividing them into three orders: namely, of the law, of the prophets, and of the hagiographa. The first order is that of the law, which they receive in five books; of which the first is Beresith, which is Genesis; the second Vellesemoth, which is Exodus; the third Vaiecra, which is Leviticus; the fourth Vagedaber, which is Numbers; the fifth [1051C] Elleaddebarim, which is Deuteronomy. These are the five books of Moses, which the Hebrews call Thorah, and the Latins the Law. But properly that is called law which was given through Moses. The second order is that of the prophets, in which eight books are contained; of which the first is Josue Ben Nun, which in Latin is called Jesu Nave; the second Sophethim, which is Judges; the third Samuel, which is the first of Kings; the fourth Malachim, which is the third and fourth of Kings; the fifth Isaiah; the sixth Jeremiah; the seventh Ezekiel; the eighth There-asar, which is called the Twelve Prophets — which books, because for brevity's sake they have been joined to one another, are received as one. The third order is that of the hagiographa, that is, of those writing holy things, in which there are nine books. Of these the first is Job, the second the Psalter; the third [1051D] Massot, which is the Proverbs of Solomon; the fourth Coheleth, which is Ecclesiastes; the fifth Sir-assirim, which is the Song of Songs; the sixth Daniel; the seventh Dibrehajamin, which is "the words of days," that is, Paralipomenon; the eighth Esdras; the ninth Esther. All these together — five and eight and nine — make twenty-two, as they were reckoned above. Some, however, add to the hagiographa Ruth and Cinoth, which in Latin is called [1052B] the Lamentations of Jeremiah. These make twenty-four volumes of the Old Testament, corresponding to the twenty-four elders who stand before the sight of God. The fourth order of the Old Testament among us is that of those books which are not in the canon of the Hebrews. Of these the first is the book of Wisdom, the second Ecclesiasticus, the third Tobias, the fourth Judith, the fifth and sixth the books of Maccabees; which, though the Jews set them apart among the apocrypha, the Church of Christ nevertheless both honors and proclaims among the divine books. In the New Testament, however, there are two orders: the first evangelical, in which are Matthew, Mark, Luke, John; the second apostolic, in which are Paul in fourteen Epistles, Peter in two, John in three, James and Jude in one apiece, the Acts [1052C] of the Apostles, and the Apocalypse. Now the sum of both Testaments is distinguished in three ways: in history, in morals, in allegory. Again, these three are divided in many ways: what was done by God, what by angels, and lastly what by men; what was announced by the prophets concerning Christ and his body; what concerning the devil and his members; what concerning the old people and the new; what concerning the present age and the age to come, the kingdom and the judgment.

According to the tradition of the Hebrews, these are reported to be the authors of the Old Testament. First Moses, who set forth the cosmography of the divine history — that is, the writing of the world — in five volumes, and it is surnamed the Pentateuch. Now "Pentateuch" means five volumes: for *penta* in Greek is *five;* [1052D] *teuchus* is called a *volume.* The book of Genesis is called Beresith, because the beginning of the world and the generation of the age is contained in it. Exodus, for its part, sets out the departure from Egypt, or the going forth of the people of Israel, and from that cause it took its name. It is called Leviticus because it follows out the ministries of the Levites and the diversity of the victims, and the whole Levitical order is recorded in it. It is called the book of Numbers, because in it the tribes [1053A] that went out from Egypt are numbered, and in it is contained the description of the forty-two encampments through the desert. Deuteronomy, which in the Greek tongue is translated into Latin as *second law,* that is, the repetition of the evangelical law, is a prefiguration which so holds the things that are earlier that then all the things repeated in it are new. The book of Josue took its name from Josue the son of Nave, whose history it contains. The Hebrews assert that its writer was this same Josue, in whose text, after the crossing of the Jordan, the kingdoms of the enemies are overthrown. The land is divided to the people, and the several cities, calves, mountains, and the boundaries of the waters prefigure the spiritual kingdoms of the Church and of the heavenly Jerusalem. Judges is named from the princes of the people who presided over Israel after Moses and [1053B] Josue, before David and the other kings came to be. Samuel is believed to have published this book and Ruth. The book of Samuel describes the birth of that same Samuel, and his priesthood, and his deeds. For that reason it took its name from him; and, although this book contains the history of Saul and David, both are nevertheless referred to Samuel, from the fact that he himself anointed Saul and David as kings to come. The first part of this book that same Samuel wrote out; but what follows in it, down to the end, David wrote. It is accordingly called Malachim, because it sets out in the order of the times the deeds of the kings of Judah and of the Israelite nation. For *Malach* in Hebrew is rendered in Latin *kingdom.* Jeremiah was the first to gather this book into a single volume; for before it was scattered [1053C] through the histories of the individual Kings. It is called Paralipomenon in Greek, which we may call "of things passed over" or "of things left"; because whatever in the law, or in the books of Kings, was either omitted or not fully reported, is in this one explained summarily and briefly. Some judge that Moses wrote the book of Job, others one of the prophets; but a good many think that Job himself was the writer, after the blow of his suffering, judging that the very man who sustained the contest of a spiritual battle should narrate what victories he brought off. Now the beginnings and the ends of the book of Job are, among the Hebrews, certain by that very reckoning; but the middle parts of it, from that place where he says, *Let the day perish wherein I was born*, as far as that place, *therefore I reprove myself and do penance*, all run in heroic meter.

[1053D]The book of Psalms is called in Greek the Psalter, in Hebrew Nablat, in Latin an instrument; and it is called the book of psalms because, with one Prophet singing to the psaltery, the choir answered in harmony. The title in the Hebrew Psalms is this: Ysopocalim, which is translated *the volume of hymns.* The authors of the Psalms are those who are set down in the titles: namely Moses, David and Solomon, Asaph, Ethan, and Idithun, and the sons of Chore, the Ezechielite, and the rest, whom Esdras gathered into one volume. All the Psalms, moreover, are held to have been composed among the Hebrews in metrical song. For they are in the meter of the Roman Flaccus and the Greek Pindar: now they both run alike, now they sound in alcaic, [1054A] now they shine in sapphic, advancing on a trimeter or tetrameter foot. Solomon, the son of King David, published three volumes according to the number of his own names; of which the first is Massot, which the Greeks name Parables and the Latins Proverbs, because in it, under a comparative likeness, he would show figures of words and images of the truth. The truth itself, however, he reserved for readers to understand. The second book he called Coheleth, which in Greek is called Ecclesiastes, in Latin the preacher: because his discourse is not directed particularly to one man, as in the Proverbs, but is directed generally to all, teaching that all the things we behold in the world are fleeting and brief, and on that account by no means to be sought after. The third book he entitled Sir-assirim, which is turned into the Latin tongue as [1054B] the Song of Songs; where by a wedding-song he sings mystically the joining of Christ and the Church. And it is called the Song of Songs because it is preferred above all the things contained in the Holy Scriptures, just as certain things in the law are called holy, and those which are greater, the Holy of Holies. The songs of this third book are reported, on the authority of two — such as are Josephus and Jerome — to be composed in hexameter and pentameter verses. Isaiah published his book in an evangelical rather than a prophetic form. The whole text of his eloquence proceeds in prose; but the canticle runs in hexameter and pentameter verses. Jeremiah likewise published his book together with the Threni, which we call laments, because they are employed in sadder [1054C] affairs and at funerals; in which he composed a fourfold alphabet in different meters. Of these the first two are written in sapphic meter, because an upright *coma* closes off three little verses which are bound to one another and begin with one letter only. The third alphabet is written in trimeter, and the threni begin with sets of three verses. The fourth alphabet is held to be like the first and the second. Ezekiel and Daniel are reported to have been written by certain wise men. Of these, Ezekiel has his beginnings and ends wrapped in many obscurities; but Daniel foretells the kingdoms of the world in plain speech, and marks the time of the coming of Christ with a most manifest proclamation. These are the four prophets who are called the greater, because they composed lengthy volumes. The book of the Twelve Prophets is entitled [1054D] with the names of its own authors; and they are for this reason called the lesser, because their discourses are short. Whence also, connected one to another, they are contained in one volume; and their names are Osee, Joel, Amos, Abdias, Jonas, Michaeas, Nahum, Habacuc, Sophonias, Aggaeus, Zacharias, and Malachias. The book of Esdras is entitled with the title of its own author. In its text the discourses of that same Esdras and of Nehemiah are contained alike. And let it move no one that only one book of Esdras is spoken of; because the second, third, and fourth books are not held among the Hebrews, but are reckoned among the apocrypha. Esdras is believed to have written out the book of Esther; in which that same queen, under [1055A] the figure of the Church, is believed to have rescued the people of God from servitude and death; and, Aman being slain (whose name is interpreted *iniquity* ), the solemnity of the day is handed on to those who come after. The book of Wisdom is nowhere found among the Hebrews; whence its very style savors of Greek rather than Hebrew eloquence. The Jews affirm that it belongs to Babylon; and they name it accordingly the book of Wisdom, because in it the coming of Christ, who is the wisdom of the Father, and his passion, are evidently set forth.

The book of Ecclesiasticus, however, was most certainly composed by Jesus the son of Sirach, the grandson of Jesus the high priest, of whom Zacharias also makes mention; which book, among the Latins, is entitled with the title of Solomon on account of the likeness of the speech. And it is called Ecclesiasticus [1055B] because it was published with great care and reason concerning the discipline of religious life for the whole Church. It is found among the Hebrews, but is now held apocryphal. As for Judith, and the books of Tobias, or of the Maccabees, by what authors they were written is by no means settled. They have their titles from the names of those whose deeds they record.

## On the Division and the Writers of the Sacred Books (cont.)

The four books of the Gospels four evangelists wrote out, each singly. First Matthew wrote out the Gospel in Hebrew letters in Judaea, announcing through his Gospel the human birth of Christ the son of David, saying: *The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham;* signifying that Christ had descended bodily from the seed of the patriarchs, [1055C] as had been promised in the prophets through the Holy Spirit. Second, Mark, full of the Holy Spirit, wrote the Gospel of Christ in Greek speech, in Italy, following Peter as his disciple; he made his beginning from John, in a prophetic spirit, saying: *The voice of one crying in the desert, prepare ye the way of the Lord,* that he might show that Christ, after the assumption of flesh, preached the Gospel in the world. For Christ himself was also called a prophet, as it is written: *And I have given thee for a prophet among the nations*. Third, Luke, of all the evangelists the most learned in Greek speech; for indeed, as a physician, he wrote the Gospel in Greece for Theophilus the bishop, beginning from the priestly spirit, saying: *There was in the days of Herod the king of Judaea a priest named Zacharias*, that he might make plain [1055D] that Christ, after the birth of the flesh and the preaching of the Gospel, was made a victim for the salvation of the world. For he himself is the priest of whom it is said in the Psalms: *Thou art a priest for ever according to the order of Melchisedech*. For where Christ came, the priesthood fell silent, the law and prophecy ceased. Fourth, John wrote the last Gospel in Asia, beginning from the Word, that he might show him to be the Savior — because for us he deigned to be born and to suffer — that he himself, the Word of God before the ages, had come from heaven, and after death had returned again to heaven. These are the four evangelists, whom through Ezekiel the Holy Spirit [1056A] signified by four living creatures. And for this reason they are four living creatures: because through them the faith of the Christian religion was scattered abroad by their preaching through the four parts of the world. And they were called living creatures because it is for the sake of the soul of man that the Gospel of Christ is preached. For they were also full of eyes within and without, since the Gospels see beforehand the things that were spoken by the prophets, and the things they had promised in the earlier book. Their legs were straight, because there is nothing crooked in the Gospels. They had six wings apiece, covering their legs and their faces; but at the coming of Christ the things that were covered were revealed. Now "Gospel" is interpreted *good announcement;* for *ev* is called *good,* and *angelium* an *announcement.* Whence "apostle" too, and "angel," is interpreted *messenger.*

[1056B]The apostle Paul wrote his fourteen Epistles in Greek, of which he wrote nine to seven Churches, and the rest to his disciples Timothy, Titus, and Philemon. But the Epistle to the Hebrews is by very many Latins held uncertain to be his, on account of the discordance of the speech; and some suspect that Barnabas wrote it out, others that it was by Clement. Peter wrote two Epistles of his own name. James and John, and Jude, wrote their Epistles; which are for this reason named canonical, because they were written not to one people or city only, but generally to all the nations. The Acts of the Apostles sets out the first beginnings of the Christian faith among the nations and the history of the newborn Church. We read that the writer of the Acts of the Apostles is Luke the evangelist; in which work the infancy of the newborn Church [1056C] is woven together, and the history of the apostles is preserved: whence also it is called the Acts of the Apostles. John the evangelist wrote the book of the Apocalypse at that time when, for the preaching of the Gospel, he is reported to have been banished to the island of Patmos. And "Apocalypse" is interpreted from the Greek into Latin as *revelation.* Revelation, moreover, is said to be the making manifest of those things which were hidden, according to what John himself also says, *the Apocalypse of Jesus Christ, which God gave him to make openly known to his servants.* These are the writers of the sacred books, who, speaking through the Holy Spirit, wrote out for our instruction the precepts of living and the rule of believing. Besides these, other volumes are called apocryphal. And they are called apocrypha, that is, secret, because they come into doubt. For their origin is hidden, [1056D] and it does not lie open to the Fathers, from whom the authority of the truth of the Scriptures has reached us by a most certain and most well-known succession. Even if some truth is found in these apocrypha, nevertheless, on account of the many false things, there is in them no canonical authority; and they are rightly judged by the prudent not to be believed as belonging to those to whom they are ascribed. For many things are brought forward by heretics both under the names of the prophets and, more recent ones, under the names of the apostles; all of which, under the name of apocrypha, have by diligent examination been removed from canonical authority.

license_source: Public Domain Mark 1.0

license_translation: CC BY-NC 4.0

license_apparatus: CC BY-NC 4.0